. The recommended procedures for compliance with Research Objectivity Requirement 11, Rating System, states that firms should prohibit covered employees from communicating a rating or recommendation different from the current published rating or recommendation.
because she communicated a rating different from her current published rating contrary to Recommendation 11, which states that firms should prohibit covered employees from communicating a rating or recommendation different from the current published rating or recommendation.
because the statement alone about issuing a new report is not a viola- tion. If she disclosed her new recommendation contrary to Recommendation 8, which recommends that reports and recommendations be issued at least quarterly, with additional updates recommended when there is an announcement of significant news or events by, or that might impact, the subject company.

1 Drawbridge sold AUD 5 million forward to the settlement date at an all-in forward price of 0.8940 (USD/AUD).
2 To mark the position to market, Drawbridge offsets the forward transaction by buying AUD 5 million three months forward to the settlement date.
3 For the offsetting forward contract, because the AUD is the base currency in the USD/AUD quote, buying AUD forward means paying the offer for both the spot rate and forward points.
I. The all-in three-month forward rate is calculated as 0.9066 – 0.00364 = 0.90296
II. This gives a net cash flow on settlement day of 5,000,000 × (0.8940 – 0.90296) = –USD44,800 (This is a cash outflow because Drawbridge sold the AUD for- ward and the AUD appreciated against the USD).
4 To determine the mark-to-market value of the original forward position, calculate the present value of the USD cash outflow using the three-month USD discount rate: –USD44,8000/[1 + 0.0023(90/360)] = –USD44,774.
The present value of the cash flow was not calculated (step 4 of
calculation).
The cash flow was calculated using the bid rate instead of the offer rate.
1 The all-in three-month forward rate = 0.9062 – 0.00368 = 0.90252
2 This gives a net cash flow on settlement day of 5,000,000 × (0.8940 – 0.90252) = – USD42,600, and the present value is calculated as –USD42,600/[1 + 0.0023(90/360)] = –USD42,576.

. Covey’s statement is based on the idea that a firm’s stock price increases if it is the target of an acquisition (i.e., a control premium). Consequently, when the acqui- sition failed with no apparent future threat of a takeover, the stock price decreases as the control premium vanishes. . The subsidiary of a conglomerate generally has a value that is below its stand-alone value due to a conglomerate discount.
. Pairs trading is a relative value strategy that does not consider the actual intrinsic value of a given firm.

. Bett in his comment about the second weakness of reduced form models. It is a weakness of structural models because their credit risk measures are biased because implicit estimation procedures inherit errors in the model’s formulation.
because his comment regarding assumptions is correct.
because his comment regarding the first weakness is correct.

. Du about factors that drive demand for office space and indus- trial and warehouse space but incorrect about retail space. Employment growth drives demand for office space, while warehouse space demand depends broadly on economic strength. The level of import and export activity is more directly related to demand for industrial and warehouse space, not retail space. Demand for retail space depends on consumer spending, job growth, and economic strength.
. Du about factors that drive demand for office space and industrial and warehouse space but incorrect about retail space.
. Du about factors that drive demand for and industrial and warehouse space